Software estimation is systematically biased because developers estimate the median completion time well, but the mean is far higher due to the log-normal distribution of actual vs. estimated time. Using empirical data, the median blowup factor is exactly 1x while the mean is 1.81x. When summing multiple tasks, high-uncertainty tasks dominate the total time — a single task with σ=2 can dwarf all others combined. Fitting a Student's t-distribution to real project data reveals that the 99th percentile blowup is 32x, and the theoretical mean blowup factor for any unknown task is actually infinite. The practical takeaway: instead of summing estimates, identify and focus on the highest-uncertainty tasks, as they will dominate delivery timelines.
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Software estimationWhere’s the empirical data?Let’s go grab the statistics toolboxWhy software tasks always take longer than you thinkSummaryNotesSort: