What Ultimately Is There? Metaphysics and the Ruliad—Stephen Wolfram Writings

Stephen Wolfram proposes a scientific approach to metaphysics centered on the 'ruliad'—an abstract construct representing all possible computational processes. He argues that fundamental physics concepts like space, time, and quantum mechanics emerge inevitably from how computationally bounded observers like humans perceive the ruliad. The framework suggests that laws of physics aren't intrinsic to reality but arise from observer characteristics, that objective reality emerges through triangulation between similar observers, and that the ruliad necessarily exists as an abstract object—making the universe's existence, in some sense, inevitable rather than contingent.