We are now at an exciting point in our process of developing quantum computers and understanding their computational power: It has been demonstrated that quantum computers can outperform classical ones (if you buy my argument from Parts 1 and 2 of this mini series). And it has been demonstrated that quantum fault-tolerance is possible for…

Quantum Frontiers is a platform dedicated to exploring the frontiers of quantum science and technology. Readers can find articles, interviews, and discussions on topics such as quantum physics, quantum computing, and quantum information theory. Additionally, they can learn about quantum experiments, quantum communication, and interdisciplinary research in quantum science.

Quantum Frontiers

A research-level analysis of the next milestones in quantum advantage, focusing on the 100 logical qubit regime. Three concrete goals are proposed: (1) demonstrating fault-tolerant quantum advantage using IQP circuits, (2) closing the verification loophole via random circuits with symmetries (graph states, Bell sampling, stabilizer measurements) in a trusted-experimenter scenario, and (3) achieving classically verifiable quantum advantage in an untrusted server scenario using random circuits with planted secrets. The post also discusses certifiable random number generation as a first practical application, and highlights open theoretical challenges around noise thresholds and verification-simulation gaps.

What is next in quantum advantage?

The next milestone: classically verifiable quantum advantage

1. Demonstrate fault-tolerant quantum advantage