Programming language design, like API design, and computer UX design (especially for technical tools like build systems and admin systems) is a difficult form of engineering, bridging computer science and cognitive science. Sometimes, it’s more art than science, because building systems that other technical workers will use comes with nearly infinite trade-offs and judgment calls.
The effort and quality matter too. Different programming languages have different strengths and weaknesses. Some programming languages are hard to use correctly, like C++.

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Programming language design requires careful curation of features that work well together. Rust deliberately excludes inheritance because it provides better alternatives like enums for sum types, traits for dynamic polymorphism, and composition for code reuse. The author argues inheritance creates cognitive overhead, has unclear semantics, and violates Rust's principle of having one clear way to solve each problem. Rust's existing features already handle all inheritance use cases more safely and clearly.

What Features Should Rust Include? Not Inheritance.