An overview of the current quantum software stack, covering the three computational modalities (gate-based, analog, and hybrid quantum-classical), programming abstractions from low-level assembly (QASM, Quil, OpenPulse) to high-level frameworks (Qiskit, PennyLane, Cirq) and quantum-specific languages (Q#, Silq). Also covers execution options (simulators vs. cloud hardware via IBM Quantum, AWS Braket, Azure Quantum), and the emerging but still immature state of quantum debugging and testing tooling. Highlights the recently launched Quantum Software Alliance and calls out key open challenges in quantum software engineering.
Table of contents
The Three Computational ModalitiesQuantum Programming AbstractionsThe Hard Question: Simulators or Hardware?Testing & Debugging in Quantum Software EngineeringWhere We Are And Where We’re Going?Sort: