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Scaling a database is essential as an application grows to maintain optimal performance. Strategies include: vertical scaling, adding resources to one server; indexing, creating indexes on frequently queried columns; sharding, splitting data across different servers; vertical partitioning, separating columns into smaller tables; caching, storing frequently accessed data in a faster storage layer; replication, creating copies of the database in different regions; materialized views, pre-computing and storing complex query results; and data denormalization, introducing redundancy to optimize reads by combining tables. Each method has trade-offs and can be combined based on application needs.

System Design: How to Scale a Database

A good refresher about DB indexing.

Simple article which explain different alternatives ! Easy to know each strategies just by reading this article in 10 min…

With the replication strategy, how do you make sure all writes go to the primary database while the reads go to the nearest replica?