RAG systems break when conversation history accumulates and context windows overflow. This post introduces a full context engineering layer built in pure Python that sits between retrieval and prompt construction. The system includes five components: a hybrid retriever blending TF-IDF and dense embeddings, a tag-weighted re-ranker, an exponential decay memory system with auto-importance scoring and deduplication, an extractive compressor with three strategies, and a slot-based token budget enforcer. Real benchmark numbers show naive RAG overflows a 800-token budget by 10 characters, while the full engine fits within budget using re-ranking, intelligent compression, and decay-filtered memory. Performance on CPU is ~92ms end-to-end in hybrid mode, with embedding generation as the bottleneck. The post also honestly documents design trade-offs including empirical alpha values, heuristic re-ranking weights, and missing features like persistent memory and cross-encoder re-ranking.

14m read timeFrom towardsdatascience.com
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Table of contents
TL;DRThe Breaking Point of RAG SystemsWhat Context Engineering Actually IsWho This Is ForFull Pipeline ArchitectureComponent 1: The RetrieverComponent 2: The Re-rankerComponent 3: Memory with Exponential DecayToken Budget Under PressureComponent 4: Context CompressionComponent 5: The Token Budget EnforcerWhat Happens Under Real Token PressureMeasuring What It Actually Buys YouMemory Decay by Importance ScorePerformance CharacteristicsHonest Design DecisionsTrade-offs and What’s MissingClosingReferencesDisclosure

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