Next-generation geothermal energy is gaining momentum through technological innovation, private investment, and policy support. While geothermal currently supplies less than 1% of global electricity, the IEA projects it could meet 15% of electricity demand growth by 2050 if costs decline. MIT researchers are advancing key technologies including millimeter-wave drilling (being commercialized by spinout Quaise Energy), sensors for high-temperature rock, advanced metal alloys, and anti-fouling coatings. The piece covers three main approaches: enhanced geothermal (engineered fractures in dry rock), advanced closed-loop systems, and superhot geothermal targeting supercritical water above 374°C. Challenges include high exploratory drilling costs (~$10M per well), material degradation at extreme temperatures, and the difficulty of reaching depths beyond 4km in crystalline rock. MIT's Energy Initiative is actively funding research, hosting symposia, and incubating startups through Proto Ventures to accelerate commercialization.
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