Complex systems resist deliberate design and fight back against imposed changes, following Le Chatelier's Principle from chemistry. Successful systems like the electric grid and internet evolved from simple working prototypes through iteration, not comprehensive planning. Government technology failures like HealthCare.gov demonstrate the limits of systems thinking when applied to complex human systems. The key insight is Gall's Law: complex systems that work invariably evolved from simple systems that worked. Examples like Operation Warp Speed and Estonia's digital government show success comes from starting fresh with simple systems outside existing bureaucracy, not trying to fix broken complex ones.

17m read timeFrom worksinprogress.co
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The world modelLe Chatelier’s PrincipleHow to build systems that work
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