JSON Web Tokens (JWT) are a standard mechanism for transferring cryptographically signed JSON data, commonly used for access control, session handling, and authentication. Unlike traditional session tokens, JWTs store all necessary data client-side, making them ideal for distributed systems. JWTs consist of a payload, a signature, and a header. They are often used with JSON Web Signature (JWS) and JSON Web Encryption (JWE) extensions. JWT vulnerabilities include flawed signature verification, secret key brute-forcing, header parameter injections, and algorithm confusion attacks. To mitigate these risks, it's crucial to perform robust signature verification, use up-to-date libraries, and apply best practices such as setting token expiration dates and avoiding tokens in URL parameters.
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