Elixir offers multiple interoperability mechanisms beyond the traditional Erlang VM approaches. NIFs enable direct integration with C, C++, Rust, Zig, and Python for performance-critical code. Distributed nodes allow communication with other languages through Erlang's distribution protocol. New portability options include AtomVM for microcontrollers, Popcorn for running Elixir in browsers via WebAssembly, and Hologram for full-stack web development. Each approach offers different trade-offs between performance, isolation, and complexity.
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