Discover how European biometric passports work. Explore RFID chips, Data Groups (DG1-DG3), MRZ encryption, and the tech behind the Schengen Entry/Exit System.

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European biometric passports contain RFID chips storing cryptographically signed identity data organized into Data Groups: biographical information (DG1), facial biometrics (DG2), and fingerprints (DG3). The chip uses Basic Access Control requiring MRZ scanning to prevent skimming, and Active Authentication with private keys to prevent cloning. With the 2026 Entry/Exit System, travel history is stored in centralized EU databases rather than on the passport chip itself. The passport now serves as a root of trust for digital identity verification, enabling NFC-based onboarding for apps and bridging to EU Digital Identity Wallets.

Information Stored in European Passports

The Anatomy of an e-Passport: More Than Just Paper

Deep Dive: What’s Actually on the Chip? (The Data Groups)

The "No-Stamp" Era: Where is My Travel History?

Security Protocols: Can My Data Be Skimmed?

Conclusion: The Key to Your Digital Future