A comprehensive technical deep dive into the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), covering its core components and execution model. Explains account types, transaction structures, gas mechanics, bytecode compilation, and the stack-memory-storage architecture. Demonstrates how smart contracts execute at the opcode level, including function dispatching, calldata decoding, and state management. Provides practical examples of bytecode analysis and EVM execution flow using debugging tools.
Table of contents
IntroductionWhat Is the EVM?AccountsTransactionsTransaction TypesLegacy Transactions (Type 0x0 )EIP-2930 Transactions (Type 0x01 )EIP-1559 Transactions (Type 0x02 )EIP-4844 Transactions (Type 0x03 )EIP-7702 Transactions (Type 0x04 )Transaction CalldataWhat is Gas?Why Is Gas Needed?EVM Gas CalculationSetting Gas For TransactionBase FeePriority FeeMax FeeSmart Contract Interaction CostSmart Contract BytecodeSmart Contract Call Overview: From Calldata to ExecutionStack, Memory, and Storage in the EVMStackMemoryStorageOpcodesAdding Numbers With OpcodesExtracting Function SelectorDeconstructing Smart ContractGet Dilara Hatipoğlu’s stories in your inboxSetting the Free Memory PointerWhat Is the Free Memory Pointer?Checking The ValueProgram CounterDeploy Code PreparationRuntime BytecodeCalling the setNumber FunctionCalling the readNumber FunctionStoring a String in MemoryMemory Scratch SpaceMemory Zero SlotHow Does Smart Contract Storage Work?Primitive TypesDynamic-sized TypesArraysFixed-size ArraysDynamic-size ArraysNested ArraysFixed-size Nested ArraysDynamic-size Nested ArraysMappingsNested MappingsStringsShort StringsLong StringsBytesStructsConclusionThe EVM Handbook | NotionStorage Slot III (Complex Types) | By RareSkillsEthereum accounts | ethereum.orgTransactions | ethereum.orgEthereum gas and fees: technical overview | ethereum.orgEIP-1559: Fee market change for ETH 1.0 chainEIP-2930: Optional access listsEIP-4844: Shard Blob TransactionsTransaction typesEVM CodesCyfrin Glossary: Smart Contract MetadataSort: