Cache Miss Types (Compulsory, Capacity, Conflict, Coherence)

An overview of the four types of CPU cache misses, known as the four C's: compulsory (cold) misses when data is first accessed, capacity misses when the working set exceeds cache size, conflict misses caused by address mapping collisions in low-associativity caches, and coherence misses in multi-core systems where cache invalidation protocols force refetches. Each type is explained with its root cause and potential mitigations, including prefetching, increasing cache capacity, raising associativity, tuning replacement policies, and avoiding false sharing.