Bulkheads: Isolating Failure Domains

Bulkheads isolate different parts of a system to prevent failures in one area from affecting others, similar to watertight compartments in ships. This pattern prevents resource exhaustion by creating separate resource pools for different operations, such as using dedicated thread pools for database operations versus API calls, or maintaining separate connection pools for read and write operations. Implementation ranges from code-level isolation using frameworks like Akka and Spring Boot to architectural-level separation through microservices, container orchestration, and infrastructure isolation. The key trade-off is efficiency versus safety, as perfect isolation may leave some resources idle while preventing cascading failures.