An Introduction to Force Inclusion

Force inclusion is a critical security feature in Ethereum Layer 2 networks that allows users to bypass centralized sequencers and submit transactions directly to L1 smart contracts. When an L2 sequencer censors or refuses to process a transaction, users can deposit their transaction to the OptimismPortal contract on Ethereum mainnet, ensuring it gets included on the L2 regardless of sequencer cooperation. The article demonstrates this process with a practical example using Base mainnet, showing how to send ETH through L1 contracts using ethers.js, requiring only a funded wallet on both layers and approximately 13 minutes for finalization.