In these last few years, layer two blockchains (L2) have become central to Ethereum's scaling efforts. L2s are fast, cheap, and inherit Ethereum's strong security guarantees. Ethereum serves as the settlement layer, and L2s serve as the execution lay...

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Force inclusion is a critical security feature in Ethereum Layer 2 networks that allows users to bypass centralized sequencers and submit transactions directly to L1 smart contracts. When an L2 sequencer censors or refuses to process a transaction, users can deposit their transaction to the OptimismPortal contract on Ethereum mainnet, ensuring it gets included on the L2 regardless of sequencer cooperation. The article demonstrates this process with a practical example using Base mainnet, showing how to send ETH through L1 contracts using ethers.js, requiring only a funded wallet on both layers and approximately 13 minutes for finalization.

An Introduction to Force Inclusion

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