GraphQL introspection can be exploited by attackers to discover API schemas, revealing sensitive information about queries, mutations, and data models. The exploitation process involves three phases: discovery of enabled introspection, schema dumping to extract API structure, and advanced attacks including privilege escalation, data exfiltration, and authentication bypass. Common attack vectors include field enumeration, mutation abuse, and chaining multiple operations. The vulnerability can lead to schema disclosure, sensitive data exposure, privilege escalation, and complete system compromise when combined with other security weaknesses.
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